Pig growth performance as a result of consumption of fermented liquid feed containing tamarind seeds

Redempta Wea, Bernadete Barek Koten¹ and Theresia Nur Indah Koni¹

Animal Production Study Program, Department of Animal Husbandry, Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic, Indonesia
redemptawea136@gmail.com
¹ Animal Feed Technology, Department of Animal Husbandry, Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic, Indonesia

Abstract

Pig growth performance is largely determined by feed that competes with human needs. Therefore, alternative feed such as tamarind seeds with liquid feed fermentation technology can be used to fulfill this. The research aims to examine the growth performance of pigs due to consuming fermented liquid feed containing tamarind seeds. The study was carried out in 16 sow pens at the Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic in April - November 2022. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The research treatments were tamarind seed fermentation TSF0 = fermented liquid feed without tamarind seeds, TSF10 = 10% TSF, TFS20 = 20% TSF and TFS30 = with 30% TFS. Research data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's further test. The research variable is feed intake, body weight gain, and pig ration conversion. The results showed that increasing the percentage of the use of tamarind seeds in fermented liquid feed (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) had a very significant effect (p<0.01) on feed intake of Landrace cross pigs, but had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the body weight gain and ration conversion. The conclusion is that the use of tamarind seeds up to 20% in fermented liquid feed has the best impact on feed consumption, body weight gain, and ration conversion for pigs and increasing tamarind seeds results in a decrease in weight gain and inefficient rations.

Keywords: bioconversion, an aerobe, anti-nutrition, crossbreed, Landrace, nutrients, sow, pig

Introduction

The biggest production cost of livestock businesses, especially pig farming, is feed. However, one of the energy source feed ingredients, namely corn, competes with human needs, especially in the East Nusa Tenggara region of Indonesia. This occurs because of environmental conditions where the rainy season is shorter (3-4 months) than the dry season (8-9 months).

Therefore, the use of alternative feed ingredients is the main choice. One alternative feed ingredient is tamarind seeds as waste from the tamarind fruit industry. Tamarind seeds have nutrients, namely 13,13% crude protein, 6,71% crude fiber, and 4,82% crude fat, but they also have anti-nutrients in the form of tannin 5,62% (Panigrahi et al 1989) and hard seed coats so their use is limited.

This limitation can be overcome using tamarind seed fermented liquid feed technology. The research results of Wea et al (2020) showed that liquid fermented tamarind seed feed with a ratio of water to feed ingredients of three to one and fermented for 14 days produced the best nutrient content. However, the percentage of use in the ration that can influence the growth of pigs is not yet known, so this research was carried out with the aim of knowing the growth response of Landrace cross pigs that consume fermented liquid feed containing tamarind seeds in different percentages.

Materials and methods

Research location

The research took place from April - November 2022 at the Animal Feed and Nutrition Laboratory and the Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic pig pen.

Research procedure

Research procedures, namely:

Liquid Feed Fermentation

• Preparation of tools and materials (bran, corn, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal)
• Collection of tamarind seeds (from Timor Tengah Selatan) and sorting of foreign objects (stones, tamarind shells, nails, etc.)
• Buoyancy test (good sour seeds are those that sink)
• Drying the tamarind seeds in the sun for ± 30 minutes
• Weighing the fermentation container in the form of a bucket (8.4 kg)
• Weighing of whole tamarind seeds and other feed ingredients according to container capacity (8kg) and treatment formulation (Table 1)
• Mixing tamarind seeds with other feed ingredients evenly
• Water measurement according to the ratio of 1:3 (1-part feed mixture and 3 parts water in kg)
• Mixing water with the feed mixture evenly
• Closing the fermentation container after it is weighed and taped
• Weighing the container at the end of the fermentation
• Disassembly of fermented products and given to pigs

Provision of fermented liquid feed

• Preparation of 16 individual cages (cleaned and disinfected with 52 g detergent in 5 liters of water then watered again using bay clean solution (2 bay clean covers in 5 liters of water)
• Procurement of 16 female grower Landrace (Landrace x Yorkshire) crossbreed pigs.
• Weighing the initial body weight
• Randomization of livestock
• Trial rations for 3 months (1-week pre-eliminate period) conducted at 08.00 and 16.00 WITA according to livestock needs
• Weighing the remaining fresh rations (kg fresh weight) every day and drying them out in the sun to dry (± 4 days) (air dry weight)
• Consumption data is measured every day, while body weight is measured once every two weeks.

Research parameters

The research parameters are pig growth performance which consists of ration consumption, body weight gain, and ration conversion. Calculation of ration consumption, body weight gain, and ration conversion, as follows:

Feed intake (FI) is obtained by measuring the ration given minus the remaining ration per unit of time (grams/head/day).

Body weight gain (BWG) was obtained by measuring the results of weighing the final weight minus the initial weight per unit of time (grams/head/day).

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is obtained by dividing feed consumption (grams/head/day) by daily weight gain (grams/head/day).

Experimental design

Percentage of tamarind use in treatment rations based on the results of a study by Tualaka et al (2012) and Wea and Koten (2013), namely:

TSF0: Contains 0% tamarind seeds

TSF10: Contains 10% tamarind seeds

TFS20: Contains 20% tamarind seeds

TFS30: Contains 30% tamarind seeds. The treatment was repeated four times so that there were 16 experimental units. The composition and nutritional content of feed ingredients and grower phase pig rations used are presented in Table 1 and Table 2.

Data analysis

The research data were analyzed by analysis of variance using a randomized block design (RBD) and Duncan's further test (Gomez and Gomez 2010).

Results and discussion

Growth performance

The growth performance of pigs is influenced by consumption and weight gain which in turn will influence the economic value which can be seen from the ration conversion value. The growth performance of pigs in response to the provision of fermented liquid feed containing tamarind seeds can be seen in Table 3.

Figure 1. Curvilinear trend on feed intake of pigs fed fermented liquid feed containing different levels of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seeds	Figure 2. Curvilinear trend on body weight gain of pigs fed fermented liquid feed containing different levels of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seeds

Figure 3. Curvilinear trend on feed conversion of pigs fed fermented liquid feed containing different levels of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed

Based on Table 3, shows that the use of tamarind seeds in fermented liquid feed very significantly (p<0.01) affects the feed consumption of grower pigs, but body weight gain and feed conversion are not influenced (p>0.05) by the use of tamarind seeds.

Feed consumption increased along with increasing body weight up to 20% use of tamarind seeds and decreased when the percentage of use was increased to 30%.

The increase in feed consumption is thought to be due to an increase in the palatability of pigs consuming fermented feed containing tamarind seeds compared to control feed even though the rations are prepared at iso energy and iso protein (Table 2). This is in accordance with the statement by Amtiran et al (2018) that the nutritional content of feed due to differences in the composition of feed ingredients in treatments will affect the consumption and digestibility of dry matter and organic matter.

The increase in body weight gain up to the use of 20% tamarind seeds in fermented liquid feed and decreased when the use was increased to 30%, is thought to be due to an increase in anti-nutritional substances from tamarind seeds in the form of phenolytic tannins which will bind with other nutrients such as protein and carbohydrates so that absorption and utilization nutrients become less than optimal.

Likewise, it can be seen that the use of tamarind seeds up to 20% can also reduce the ration conversion value. However, if the use is up to 30%, the fermented liquid feed will become inefficient.

This shows that economically, tamarind seeds in fermented liquid feed are more profitable if used in fermented liquid feed as much as 20%. This is because pigs are able to optimize the rations consumed to produce maximum body weight gain.

Thus, Zoric et al (2015) stated that pigs that consume dry feed and liquid feed have the same performance.

Conclusion

• The conclusion is that the use of tamarind seeds up to 20% in fermented liquid feed has the best impact on feed consumption, body weight gain, and ration conversion for pigs and increasing tamarind seeds results in a decrease in weight gain and inefficient rations.
  
  
• Based on these conclusions, it is recommended to carry out further research regarding the use of fermented liquid feed with 20% tamarind seed content in pigs of the same cross to determine production and reproduction.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the leadership of the Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic for trusting us to use the laboratory and pig pen and all the teams involved in carrying out this research.

References

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