Herbal supplements for sustainable broiler production during post antibiotic era in Indonesia - an overview

Sugiharto Sugiharto

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
sgh_undip@yahoo.co.id

Abstract

Before being banned, growth-promoting antibiotics have massively been used in broiler production in Indonesia for decades. Today, alternative to antibiotic growth promoters is essential in Indonesia and across the world as the retraction of antibiotics from feed implies in the retarded growth performance and increased health problem in broiler farms. Herbal products have been suggested to be used in broiler production to maintain the health status and maximizing the growth potential of modern broilers. However, the use of such natural supplements has not always succeeded as several factors may interfere the efficacy of herbal supplements for broiler chickens. Attempts have been carried to improve the efficacy of herbal supplements for broilers, such as extraction, fermentation, acidification, and encapsulation. The present review elucidates the use of herbal products as the supplements for broiler production in Indonesia during the post antibiotic era. The pro and cons of using herbal supplements in broiler production are also discussed in this review.

Key words: broiler, growth, health, herbs, phytogenic compounds

Introduction

Broiler industry has been an important sector in the Indonesian economy and also contributed to the state food security particularly for protein source. The broiler industry has expanded quite steadily over the last ten years In Indonesia (Nugroho 2020). The expansion of the broiler industry has, however, been somewhat disrupted by the ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters and the restriction on synthetic supplements for broiler chickens. Antibiotic growth promoters have historically been commonly used in feeds to improve the capacity for growth and sustain the health conditions of broiler chickens (Sugiharto 2016). In the latter case, Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 14/Permentan/PK.350/5/2017 concerning the Classification of Veterinary Drugs prohibited the use of antibiotics as growth promoter and antibacterial agents. The development of bacterial resistance due to the long-term use of antibiotics in broiler feeds, which may threaten human health, is actually the background to this ban (Sugiharto 2016; Sugiharto and Ranjitkar 2019).

Indonesia is a country that is very rich in plants which have long been used by their ancestors as medicinal plants. Besides for human medication, numerous herbal products have also been exploited as the supplements or additive for livestock including broiler chickens. The latter practice is of importance following the retraction of antibiotic growth promoters from broiler diets. In broiler production, herbal products are categorized as phytobiotics or phytogenic materials that may be incorporated into feed or drinking water to improve growth performance and well-being of chickens (Sugiharto 2016). Turmeric, ginger, garlic, Aloe vera, Morinda citrifolia, lemon grass, Nigella sativa, are among the local herbal products that have been supplemented to improve the growth performance, health and well-being of broiler chickens in Indonesia. In most cases, the herbal products for broilers are prepared in the forms of powder/meal and extract (Astuti et al 2019; Akhsan et al 2020a). The herbal products may be served alone (Sunu and Abdurrahman 2019), in combination with other herbs (Sugiharto et al 2018), or in combination with probiotic microbes (Wahyuni et al 2019). The products can be delivered to broilers through or mixed with feed (Sugiharto et al 2018) or drinking water (Saleh and Pasanda 2019). Recently, there has been a growing interest from the veterinary pharmaceutical companies to produce and market the herbal supplements for broiler production (Haniarti et al 2018; Medion 2019). This can be a great business opportunity as the broiler industry is rapidly developing in Indonesia (Nugroho 2020). The present review aimed to elucidate the use of herbal products as the supplements for broiler production in Indonesia during the post antibiotic era. The pro and cons of using herbal supplements in broiler production are also discussed in the present review.

Literature search was conducted to prepare this current review, with an emphasis on the use of herbal products in broiler production. Some criteria were implemented during the literature search, including: (1) peer-reviewed journal publications both in English and Bahasa (Indonesian language) were used, (2) selected seminar proceeding were used, and (3) only articles authored by the Indonesian investigators or part of the authors are Indonesian origin were included in the review. During the literature quest, keywords used included broiler, herbs and Indonesia. Scientific websites, including Elsevier Science-Direct, Springerlink E-Journal and Google Scholar were employed for a selection of relevant papers.

Herbal plants as the sources of bioactive components

In general, herbal plants can be defined as herbs or medicinal plants that can be used for traditional treatment of illness. In Indonesia, herbal medicines are very popular, also called as Jamu, which is a freshly prepared herbal plants and typically in the form of water extracts (Elfahmi et al 2014). In general, the pharmacological benefits of herbal products are associated with various bioactive components that may function as antimicrobial agents, antifungi, antiinflammation, antialergy and antioxidants (Andrean et al 2014; Sudradjat 2016; Kusumawati et al 2018; Sinurat et al 2018). In their study, Sinurat et al (2018) investigated 12 medicinal plants for their contents of bioactive components. These plants were Anredera cordifolia leaves, Syzygium aromaticum leaves, Psidium guajava leaves, Sapindus rarak fruit pericarp, Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp, whole plant ofPhyllanthus urinaria, Anacardium occidentale shell,Azadirachta indica leaves, Melia azedarach leaves,Ceiba pentandra seed oil, Syzygium polyanthum leaves and Piper betle leaves. Overall, phenols, tannin and saponin were detected in these herbal plants making them possible to function as antibacterial, antifungi and antioxidants. In term of antibacterial capacity, Girsang et al (2019) also noticed that the extract ofBoesenbergia pandurata was able to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in their experiment. Also, Sabdoningrum et al (2017) showed that Phyllanthus niruri Linn was effective as antibacterial agent toward Mycoplasma gallisepticum causing chronic respiratory disease in broilers. In other study, Andrean et al (2014) assessed some bioactive compounds in Phaleria macrocarpa fruit. They found that the fruit contain substantial amounts of phenols, flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid, phytosterol and tannin, which possess antioxidative activities. In line with this, Kusumawati et al (2018) revealed the antioxidant content in Curcuma heyneana rhizome. The herbal plants also demonstrates immune-enhancing properties, which are essential for host defenses against pathogenic agents. In this regard, Sutardi (2016) reported that herbal plant Centella asiatica (L.) Urban contains triterpenoids, steroids, saponins and their derivatives, and also mineral salts (potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium and iron) that are essential for improving the host immune system. Also, Priyani (2020) revealed that Andrographis paniculata Ness plant contain several active compounds that can function as immunomodulatory agents, which are deoxyandrographolide, andrographolide, 14-deoxy-11, neoandrographolide, 12- didehydroandrographolide, homoandrographolide, diterpenoid and flavonoid. In most of medicinal plants, Chabib et al (2018) suggested that the presences of alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, simple phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, peptides, glycoproteins and nucleotides may be responsible for the immune-stimulating effect of the herbal products.

It is widely known that there are two kinds of metabolisms in plants, i.e. primary and secondary metabolism. Compounds required for everyday biosynthetic processes, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids, are produced by primary metabolic processes. Meanwhile, compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and steroids are formed by secondary metabolic processes, and thereby called as secondary metabolites (Sudradjat 2016). In general, there are great variations in secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Sutardi (2016) suggested that soil conditions in which the plant is cultivated, ages of plants, types and doses of fertilizer used and environmental stressors may greatly affect the contents of bioactive components in the medicinal plants. Moreover, the differences in the preparations (powder/meal, extract, decocted product, filtrate, encapsulated.) as well as types and concentrations of solvents may also affect the concentrations and activity of the boactive compounds in the herbal products (Luginda et al 2018).

Application of herbal products in broiler production in Indonesia

Herbal plants has long been used as traditional medicines in most part of the world, including Indonesia (Sudradjat 2016). Besides for human medicines, herbal preparations have also been used for animal production, including broiler chickens (Sahara et al., 2020). Apart from the traditional or home industrial production, in the recent time many modern veterinary pharmaceutical companies also produce and market the herbal supplements for broiler production in Indonesia (Haniarti et al 2018; Medion 2019). Following the retraction of antibiotic growth promoters from feeds and considering the food safety reason, the presence of herbal supplements are now becoming more important in broiler production. Owing to the fact that the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters from feeds implies in the retarded growth rate and decreased profits, the administration of herbal supplements has been subjected to improve growth performance as well as income over feed cost of broiler production. Table 1 shows the beneficial effects of herbal supplementation on broiler chickens in Indonesia. Several possible mechanisms have been proposed to explain on how the herbal supplements improve growth performance of broilers. One possibility could be that herbal supplementation increases feed intake and thereby nutrient availability for broilers (Astuti et al 2019). Different from the latter inference, Sariati et al (2020) however did not observe any effect of feeding Curcuma xanthoriza, roxb, at 1-3% of diets, on feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers. Likewise, Swastike (2012) reported that dietary supplementation of Curcuma longa Linn. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza at 1% had no effect on feed intake of broilers. Meanwhile, at 2% or more Curcuma longa Linn. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza decreased feed consumption of broilers. For this reason, it is crucial to consider the levels of herbal supplements to broilers as the high supplementation level may reduce the palatability caused by the bitter taste and pungent smell from the herbal products (Swastike 2012; Pujianti et al 2013).

Supplementation of herbal products has been associated with the improved digestibility of broiler chickens (Pujianti et al 2013), which eventually increase the nutrient availability and hence substrate availability for energy metabolism. The capacity of herbal products in promoting the gastrointestinal tract development (Akhsan et al 2020a) and improving the intestinal conditions (e.g., pH, digesta viscosity and villi) (Natsir et al 2016) seem to contribute for the improved feed digestibility. In addition, the efficacy of herbal preparations in restoring the intestinal damage and digestive enzyme activity due to stress and infections (Rahayu et al 2020) may also account to maintain the optimal intestinal digestive functions of broilers. The improvement in the histomorphology (i.e., villus height, crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio) and ecology (e.g., increased lactic acid bacteria and decreased Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli counts) of intestine may also be attributed to the enhanced nutrient utilization in broilers (Ningsih et al 2019; Diyantoro and Rochmi 2019). In broiler chickens, energy obtained from feed is generally allocated for maintenance, activity and biosynthesis or growth. In this respect, less energy needed for maintenance or recovery from illness in chicks could be attributed to the higher growth rate in broilers. Indeed, the herbal supplements have been confirmed to improve immune competence as reported by Astuti et al (2019) who administrated the extract of Phyllanthus urinaria and Andrographis paniculata in drinking water of broiler chicks. They found that herbal supplementation improved immune competence of broilers as indicated by the enhanced antibody titer against Newcastle disease and lymphocytes counts. In agreement, Isroli et al (2017) revealed that supplementation of drinking water using decocted turmeric was able to improve immune competences (as indicated by the increased leukocyte counts) and stress response (as indicated by the lower heterophils and lymphocytes ratio) of broilers. In support to this, Haniarti et al (2019) also noted the reduced mortality rate in broilers supplemented with the blends of white turmeric, red ginger, galangal (methyl-cinnamic) and garlic. Indeed, the contents of various bioactive compounds as mentioned above (Sutardi 2016; Chabib et al 2018) may play a pivotal role in improving the immune competences and, hence, the health status of broilers.

The normal physiological conditions is of mandatory to ensure the optimal growth capacity of broilers. Supplementation of herbal products has been reported to maintain the normal or improve the physiological conditions of broilers. Previously, supplementations of Nigella sativa powder (Noviani et al 2020), Curcuma longa andZingiber officinale (Maksudi et al 2020) or Averrhoa bilimbi fruit filtrate (Mareta et al 2020) improved haematological profiles such as haemoglobin and hematocrit levels as well as mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which eventually maximize the growth potential of broilers. Moreover, the capacity of herbal products in alleviating the stress conditions (Isroli et al 2017; Maksudi et al 2020) is also suggested to maintain the normal physiological conditions and thereby improve the growth and well-being of broiler chickens. In this respect, the high content of phenolic compounds in the herbal plants (Kusumawati et al 2018; Sinurat et al 2018) could be attributed to the improved antioxidants and physiological conditions of broilers.

The awareness of consumers for healthy meats has been increasing in the recent decades. The high fat content of broiler meat, which can cause arteriosclerosis in humans, is one of the points found unhealthy in broiler meat. Supplementation using herbal products has been confirmed to reduce fat content as well as improve the nutritional characteristics of broiler meats. Indonesian investigators previously confirmed that supplementation with either Zingiber officinale, Kaemferia galangal or Curcuma domestica through drinking water (Andriyanto et al 2016), turmeric extract through feed (Sugiharto et al 2011), Aloe vera through feed (Sunu and Abdurrahman 2019) or blends of Moringa oleifera leaf powder and garlic powder (Sugiharto et al 2018) reduced abdominal fat content of broilers. Likewise, dietary supplementation with Andrographis paniculata extract (Supomo et al 2016) or Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith extract (Rahayu et al 2019) decreased fat and increased protein contents of broiler meats. The presences of some bioactive components with antihyperlipidemic activity, such as saponin, tannins and alkaloid (Saputri and Sumiwi 2020), seem to be responsible for the fat-lowering effect of herbal products in broiler chickens.

Attempts to improve the efficacy of herbal supplements for broilers in Indonesia

Beyond of the beneficial impacts of herbal products on production performance, physiological conditions, health and carcass traits of broilers, some studies, however, did not observe any positive effect of herbal supplements on broiler chickens. Instead, some studies showed the negative effect of herbal products supplementation on broiler chickens (Table 2). There are several reasons that the herbal supplementation on chickens did not have the desired effects. Among them, the natures and levels of the herbs as well as the experimental conditions may be responsible.

To enhance the efficacy of herbal products as supplements for broilers, some attempts have been conducted. The delivery routes of herbal products is one of the factor affecting the efficacy of herbal supplement on broiler chickens. In such case, Akhsan et al (2020b) inferred that drinking water is better than feed to deliver turmeric powder to broilers. However, this strategy should be considered with careful as the presence of herbal supplements can interfere with the function of the water installation in the broiler house. Combining of herbal products with probiotic microorganisms has been conducted to enhance the efficacy of herbal supplements on broiler chickens. This strategy is actually expected to obtain the complementary or synergistic effects between herbal products and probiotics (Sugiharto et al 2019). It has been confirmed that microbial fermentation of plant-derived products increases some bioactive compounds, such as flavones, terpenes, phenols and tannins, which are beneficial for physiological conditions and health of animals (Sugiharto et al 2016; Sugiharto 2021). Owing to this fact, fermentation could be a good strategy to multiply the positive effect of herbal products to broiler chickens. Other strategy to improve the efficacy of herbal products as supplement could be through acidification. Sugiharto et al (2020) have recently shown that acidification increased total acidity, total phenols and antioxidant activity of black pepper powder. Also, acidification may improve the bioavailability of herbal products, and therefore increase their utilization by broiler chickens (Sugiharto et al 2020). As mentioned previously, the problem related to the delivery routes of herbal supplements have been noticed in broiler farms. Some supplements may not be consumed by the birds as they are incorporated into the feed or drinking water. In this condition, the efficacy of herbal supplements highly depend on the palatability and intake of feed or water consumption. To overcome this problem, Haniarti et al (2019) recommended to provide the herbal supplements for broilers in the form of capsule. Yet, such method is not practical especially when broiler population is large. Considering the low bioavailability of herbal products for monogastric animals, encapsulation of the herbal materials has been recommended. In this case, Natsir et al (2016) encapsulated a mixture of turmeric and ginger extracts using maltodextrin, casein and Butyrate Hydroxyl Toluene. They found that encapsulated turmeric and ginger resulted in better effect on broiler growth performance of broiler as compared to that of non-encapsulated herbs. In accordance with this, Ningsih et al (2019) did nanoencapsulation on Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract to enhance its efficacy as natural antibiotic alternative for broiler chickens. Table 3 shows the application of the combination of herbal products and probiotics, fermented herbs, acidified herbs and encapsulated herbs in broiler production.

Although several efforts have been conducted to improve the efficacy of herbal product as supplements in broiler production, the attempts have not always succeeded. In the latter case, Hadist (2016) reported no substantial effect on growth, feed intake and feed efficiency in broilers when administrating the combination of Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa Linn., Kaempferia galangal, Curcuma xanthorrhizaand probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus Plantarum, Lactobacillus Sulivarius, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium Bifidum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae through drinking water. Likewise, supplementation of fermented Allium sativum L.,Zingiber officinale Rosc. var. rubrum,Zingiber officinale Rosc., Curcuma xanthorrhiza ROXB and Piper betle L. via drinking water at 10, 15 and 20% resulted in the absent impact on income over feed cost of broiler production (Yulianti et al 2014). Also, Yuliani and Sakan (2018) documented that administration of fermented mixture of garlic, ginger, Curcuma longa Linn., Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Murraya koenigii through drinking water had no substantial effect on immune competence of broilers, as indicated from the titer of antibody against Newcastle Disease. With regard to the encapsulation technique, Zuprizal et al (2020) have recently compared the efficacy between nano-encapsulated and non nano-encapsulated Phaleria macrocarpa fruits extract on broiler chickens. They noticed that nano-encapsulation may not be effective in enhancing absorption of the extract by broilers. They also demonstrated that nano-encapsulated Phaleria macrocarpa fruits extract or not, did not influence carcass traits and digestive organs development of broilers. The latter study is actually different from that of reported by Ningsih et al (2019) who showed the effectiveness of nanoencapsulated Phaleria macrocarpa fruits extract in improving the intestinal development of broilers. Owing to these above-mentioned conditions, it could be inferred that the impact of herbal supplements is inconsistent in broiler production.

Constraints and future prospects of herbal supplements for broiler production in Indonesia

Application of antibiotics as growth promoters and antimicrobial agents had been confirmed to be effective in maintaining health and promoting maximal growth potential of modern broiler strains (Sugiharto 2016). This is different from that of herbal products on broilers, which are relatively inconsistent, as discussed above. Indeed, the usefulness of herbal products in acting as natural promoters of growth and antimicrobials varies greatly. The above situation therefore becomes the restrictions of applying the herbal supplements in the massive production of commercial broilers. In response to this circumstance, Haniarti et al (2018) suggested that there are several factors that may affect the efficacy of herbal products as broiler supplements, including quality of raw herbs, processing methods and conditions, delivery routes, packaging, storing condition and doses of the herbal supplements. Therefore, there are a lot of efforts needed to deal with these problem. With regard particularly to the standard quality of raw herbs, in order to produce good quality herbal supplements for broilers, in future all plant raw materials, extracts and excipients must be rigorously tested. Indrayanto (2018) and Kartini et al (2019) recommended that to ensure the quality of raw herbs, it is necessary to test the chemical profiles of the herbs, cleanness and freshness of the herbs as well as possible contaminations of toxic materials. All the production process such as milling, extraction, fermentation, acidification or encapsulation must also be controlled strictly to produce the high quality herbal supplements for broiler chickens. Moreover, further research is highly demanded to explore and confirm the effective processing or production methods and doses of the herbal supplements for broilers (Haniarti et al 2018).

The need for herbal plants has been increasing during the last decades in Indonesia (Kartini et al 2019). This is closely related to the public interest which tends to change from the use of chemical drugs to natural or herbal-based ingredients. The growth of the modern herbal medicine industry has also caused the increased demand for the raw herbs. Overall, such conditions imply in the increased price of raw herbs, which can therefore increase the price of herbal supplements for broilers. For this reason, massive production of the herbal plants should therefore be encouraged. Also, the veterinary pharmaceutical companies should be encouraged to implement the modern processing technique so that the efficacy of the herbal supplements increase.

Conclusions

• The use of herbal products as supplements is promising, following the ban of antibiotic growth promoters for broiler production. However, the practice has not always produced the expected effect as several factors may determine the efficacy of herbal supplements for broiler chickens.
  
  
• Attempts have been carried to improve the efficacy of herbal supplements for broilers, such as extraction, fermentation, acidification, and encapsulation. Further research is needed to explore and confirm the effective processing or production methods and doses of the herbal supplements for broilers.

Acknowledgements

The study was supported by Universitas Diponegoro through Research for International Scientific Publication (RPI) scheme, year 2021.

References

Akhsan F, Basri and Akbar M 2020a Panjang dan bobot saluran cerna ayam broiler yang mendapat ransum mengandung herbal kunyit. Musamus Journal of Livestock Science, 3: 29-33.

Akhsan F, Harifuddin and Irwan M 2020b Performa ayam broiler strain Cobb yang diberi herbal kunyit. Tropical Animal Science, 2: 43-48. https://doi.org/10.36596/tas.v2i2.376

Ambarwati L and Syah S P 2018 Penambahan tepung bawang putih (Allium sativun) sebagai feed additve herbal pada ransum terhadap kadar kolesterol darah dan performans ayam broiler. Prosiding Seminar Teknologi dan Agribisnis Peternakan VI: Pengembangan Sumber Daya Genetik Ternak Lokal Menuju Swasembada Pangan Hewani ASUH, Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, 7 Juli 2018. p. 222-230.

Andrean D, Prasetyo S, Kristijarti A P and Hudaya T 2014 The extraction and activity test of bioactive compounds in Phaleria macrocarpa as antioxidants. Procedia Chemistry, 9: 94-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2014.05.012

Andriyanto, Agustin F, Aripin D N, Nugraheni P, Suryanata G H, Arif R, Pristihadi D N, Mustika A A and Manalu W 2016 Improved productivity and health performances of broiler chickens administered with jamu ginger, curcuma and turmeric. International Journal of Poultry Science, 15: 487-492. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2016.487.492

Artanto E D, Sukamto B and Atmomarsono U 2014 Pengaruh penambahan tepung temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurate ROXB) dalam ransum terhadap performans ayam broiler. Animal Agriculture Journal, 3: 89-94.

Astuti P and Gumilar G C V 2019 Effectiveness of giving meniran (Phyllanthusniruri L) and sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) extract with different composition on the immune and performanance responsibility of broiler chicken post to ND vaccination. Bantara Journal of Animal Science, 1: 15-20.

Bando N, Akhsan F and Sari A 2020 Analisis pendapatan budidaya ayam broiler dengan menggunakan herbal kunyit. Agrokompleks, 20: 39-44.

Baskoro A, Kusumanti E and Atmomarsono U 2015 Pengaruh penambahan tepung temukunci (Boesenbergia Pandurata ROXB.) dalam ransum terhadap bobot hidup, kadar SGOT SGPT dan kondisi hati ayam broiler. Animal Agriculture Journal, 4: 41-46.

Chabib L, Muhtadi W K, Rizki M I, Rahman R A, Suhendri M R and Hidayat A 2018 Potential medicinal plants for improve the immune system from Borneo Island and the prospect to be developed as nanomedicine. MATEC Web of Conferences, 154: 04006. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815404006

Diyantoro and Rochmi S E 2019 Supplementation of Phaleria macrocarpa leaf extract significantly reduced E. coli infection in broiler. Indian Veterinary Journal, 96: 12-14.

Elfahmi, Woerdenbag H J and Kayser O 2014 Jamu : Indonesian traditional herbal medicine towards rational phytopharmacological use. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 4: 51-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2014.01.002

Girsang F M, Armansyah T, Abrar M, Erina, Darniati and Asmilia N 2019 Effect of temu kunci’s root (Boesenbergia pandurata) extract to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jurnal Medika Veterinaria, 13: 166-171. https://doi.org/10.21157/j.med.vet..v13i2.3649

Golla Y, Montong M E R., Laihad J T and Rembet G D G 2014 Penambahan tepung rimpang temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb) dan tepung rimpang temu putih (Curcuma zedoaria Rosc) dalam ransum komersial terhadap persentase karkas, lemak abdomen, dan persentase hati pada ayam pedaging. Jurnal Zootek, 34: 115-123. https://doi.org/10.35792/zot.34.0.2014.4800

Hadist I 2016 Pengaruh pemberian herbal yang mengandung probiotik dalam air minum terhadap palatabilitas ransum ayam broiler. Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan (JANHUS), 1: 1-7.

Haniarti, Munir, Akib M A 2018 Kualitas jamu ternak pada berbagai bentuk sediaan dan kemasan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sinergitas Multidisiplin Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi, vol. 1, 2018, ISBN: 2622-0520.

Haniarti, Munir, Akib M A, Ambar A, Rusman A D P and Abdullah A 2018 Herbal for increasing immunity and weight of poultry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 247: 012056. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/247/1/012056

Hartoyo B, Iriyanti N and Rimbawanto E A 2018 The use of “Fermeherbafit” (mixed herbs) in broiler chicken feed on performance and cholesterol profile. Animal Production, 20: 139-146. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2018.20.3.709

Hasiib E‘A, Riyanti and Hartono M 2015 Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) steenis) dalam air minum terhadap performa broiler. Jurnal Ilmiah Peternakan Terpadu, 3: 14-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jipt.v3i1.p%25p

Indrayanto G 2018 Recent development of quality control methods for herbal derived. Natural Product Communication, 13: 1599-1606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1801301208

Isroli I, Yudiarti T, Widiastuti E and Sugiharto S 2017 Effect of decocted turmeric on performance, hematological parameters and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 42: 263-269. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.42.4.263-269

Jannah P N, Sugiharto and Isroli 2017 Jumlah leukosit dan differensiasi leukosit ayam broiler yang diberi minum air rebusan kunyit. Jurnal Ternak Tropika, 18: 15-19. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtapro.2017.018.01.3

Kartini K, Jayani N I E, Octaviyanti N D, Krisnawan A H and Avanti C 2019 Standardization of some Indonesian medicinal plants used in “Scientific Jamu”. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 391: 012042. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/391/1/012042

Kusumasari Y F Y, Yunianto V D and Suprijatna E 2019 Pemberian fitobiotik yang berasal dari mahkota dewa ( Phaleria macrocarpa) terhadap kadar hemoglobin dan hematokrit pada ayam broiler. Jurnal Aplikasi Teknologi Pangan, 1: 129-132.

Kusumawati I, Kurniawan K O, Rullyansyah S, Prijo T A, Widyowati R, Ekowati J, Hestianah E P, Maat S and Matsunami K 2018 Anti-aging properties of Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zipj: A scientific approach to its use in Javanese tradition. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 225: 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.038

Lestari R, Fatinah D S, Istifani D and Rinawidiastuti 2020 Pengaruh pemberian ramuan herbal guna meningkatkan produktivitas broiler ( Gallus domesticus) stunting. Surya Agritama: Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian dan Peternakan, 9: 167-173. https://doi.org/10.37729/suryaagritama.v9i2.722

Luginda R A, Lohita B and Indriani L 2018 Pengaruh variasi konsentrasi pelarut etanol terhadap kadar flavonoid total daun beluntas (Pluchea indica (L.)Less) dengan metode Microwave - Assisted Extraction (MAE). Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Farmasi, 1: 1-9.

Maksudi M, Manin F, Wigati S, Insulistyawati A, Aziz N and Rahayu P 2020 Effect of curcumin (Curcuma longa) and red ginger (Zingiber officinale) on hematology values of broilers. Agricultural Science, 2: 178-185. https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p178

Mandey J S and Pontoh C J 2020 Fitokimia daun kemangi (Ocimum x citriodorum L.) dan pengaruhnya sebagai water additive terhadap kecernaan nutrien pakan ayam broiler. Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Terapan, 4: 42-50. https://doi.org/10.25047/jipt.v4i1.2339

Mareta I, Nathaniel G, Yudiarti T, Widiastuti E, Wahyuni H I and Sugiharto S 2020 Effect of Averrhoa bilimbi fruit filtrate and shrimp paste mixture on performance, gut microbes and blood profile of broilers. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 25: 182-189. https://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v25i4.2515

Medion 2019 Program kesehatan ayam dengan herbal. https://www.medion.co.id/id/program-kesehatan-ayam-dengan-herbal/

Muhlisin M, Nuraini and Ba’a L O 2015 Performans ayam broiler yang diberi ekstrak daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum). Jurnal Ilmu dan dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis, 2: 8-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v2i3.3803

Natsir M H, Widodo E and Muharlien 2016 Penggunaan kombinasi tepung kunyit (Curcuma domestica) dan jahe ( Zingiber officinale) bentuk enkapsulasi dan tanpa enkapsulasi terhadap karakteristik usus dan mikroflora usus ayam pedaging. Buletin Peternakan, 40: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v40i1.8890

Ningsih N, Ariyadi B, Dono N D, Supadmo and Zuprizal 2019 The effect of nanoencapsulated Phaleria macrocarpa fruits extract in drinking water on jejunal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 42: 106-112. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2019.42.2.106

Nono F, Yulianti D L and Krisnaningsih A T N 2017 Pengaruh penggunaan ramuan herbal sebagai feed additive terhadap in come over feed cost ayam broiler. Jurnal Sains Peternakan, 5: 100-105. https://doi.org/10.21067/jsp.v5i2.3160

Noviani R T, Santosa P E, Suharyati S and Siswanto 2020 Profil darah (hemoglobin dan hematokrit) broiler jantan yang diberi nigella sativa (jintan hitam) sebagai imunomodulator. Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Peternakan, 4: 151-156. https://doi.org/10.23960/jrip.2020.4.3.151-156

Nugroho B A 2020 Indonesia’s broilers business facing oversupply difficulties. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 478: 012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/478/1/012010

Priyani R 2020 Review: manfaat tanaman sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Ness) terhadap sistem imun tubuh. Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 7: 484-490. https://doi.org/10.33024/jikk.v7i3.2963

Pujianti NA, Jaelani A and Widaningsih N 2013 Penambahan tepung kunyit (Curcuma domestica) dalam ransum terhadap daya cerna protein dan bahan kering pada ayam pedaging. Ziraa’ah, 36: 49-59.

Rahayu I D, Sutanto A, Widodo W and Anggraini A D 2020 The lempuyang gajah [Zingiber Zerumbet (l.) Smith] extract supplementation in broilers feed to suppress foodborne disease “Salmonellosis” for consumers’ health safety effort. Proceedings of the International Conference on Community Development (ICCD 2020), 477: 343-347. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201017.076

Rahayu I D, Widodo W, Prihartini I, Winaya A, Zalizar L, Untari T and Mel M 2019 The potential of an extract of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith as a feed additive to improve the production performances and meat nutritional composition of broiler chickens. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 293: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/293/1/012023

Rahayu I D, Widodo W, Prihartini I, Winaya A, Zalizar L, Untari T and Mel M 2019 The potential of extract of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith as a feed additive to improve the production performances and meat nutritional composition of broiler chickens. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 293: 012023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/293/1/012023

Risdianto D, Suthama N, Suprijatna E and Sunarso S 2019 Inclusion effect of ginger and turmeric mixture combined with Lactobacillus spp. isolated from rumen fluid of cattle on health status and growth of broiler. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 44: 423-433. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.44.4.423-433

Sabdoningrum E K, Hidanah S, Wahjuni R S, Chusniati S and Arimbi 2017 An in vitro antibacterial activity test of Meniran Herbs’ (Phyllanthus Niruri L.) ethanol extract against Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. In The Veterinary Medicine International Conference 2017, KnE Life Sciences, p. 48-61.

Sahara E, Gofar N and Apriandi M 2020 Peran jamu hewan untuk antisipasi penyakit ND (Newcastle disease) pada ternak unggas. Jurnal Pengabdian Sriwijaya, 8: 1028-1033. https://doi.org/10.37061/jps.v8i2.12434

Salam S, Fatahilah A, Sunarti D and Isroli 2013 Berat karkas dan lemak abdominal ayam broiler yang diberi tepung jintan hitam (Nigella sativa) dalam ransum selama musim panas. Sains Peternakan, 11: 84-90.

Salam S, Sunarti D and Isroli 2014 Pengaruh suplementasi jintan hitam (Nigella sativa) giling terhadap Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) dan berat organ hati broiler. Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia, 16: 40-45. https://doi.org/10.25077/jpi.16.1.40-45.2014

Saleh M and Pasanda O S R 2019 Pemanfaatan tanaman herbal sebagai antibiotik alami untuk meningkatkan indeks performa (IP) ayam broiler. INTEK Jurnal Penelitian, 6: 150-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v6i2.1584

Saputri W E and Sumiwi S A 2020 Aktivitas antihiperlipidemia pada tanaman herbal dengan metode induksi hewan percobaaan. Farmaka, 17: 173-180. https://doi.org/10.24198/jf.v17i3.25909

Sari C S, Isroli and Amomarsno U 2014 Pengaruh penambahan tepung rimpang temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurate ROXB) dalam ransum terhadap ketahanan tubuh ayam broiler. Animal Agricultural Journal, 3: 106-112.

Sariati, Nuraini and Pagala M A 2020 Pengaruh pemberian temulawak (Curcuma xanthoriza,roxb) dalam pakan terhadap penampilan produksi ayam broiler. Jurnal Ilmiah Peternakan Halu Oleo, 2: 66-69.

Simanjuntak M 2019 Pengaruh penambahan tepung daun kemangi (Acimum spp) dalam pakan terhadap performans ayam broiler. Jurnal FAPERTANAK Jurnal Pertanian dan Peternakan, 4: 172-182. https://doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.2017.1.3.172

Sinurat A P, Wina E, Rakhmani S I W, Wardhani T, Haryati T and Purwadaria T 2018 Bioactive substances of some herbals and their effectiveness as antioxidant, antibacteria and antifungi. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 23: 18-27. https://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v23i1.1660

Sudradjat S E 2016 Mengenal berbagai obat herbal dan penggunaannya. Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek 22, 62-71. http://ejournal.ukrida.ac.id/ojs/index.php/Meditek/article/view/1451

Sugiharto S 2016 Role of nutraceuticals in gut health and growth performance of poultry. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 15: 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2014.06.001

Sugiharto S and Ranjitkar S 2019 Recent advances in fermented feeds towards improved broiler chicken performance, gastrointestinal tract microecology and immune responses: A review. Animal Nutrition, 5: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.11.001

Sugiharto S 2021 Fermented leaves in broiler rations: effects on growth performance, physiological condition, and meat characteristics. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, https://dx.doi.org/10.5152/actavet.2020.20054

Sugiharto S, Isroli I, Yudiarti T, Widiastuti E, Wahyuni H I and Sartono T A 2018 Performance, physiological and microbiological responses of broiler chicks to Moringa oleifera leaf powder, garlic powder or their combination. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30: 12. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd30/12/sgh_u30209.html

Sugiharto S, Pratama A R, Yudiarti T, Wahyuni H I, Widiastuti E and Sartono T A 2020 Effect of acidified turmeric and/or black pepper on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 8: 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2020.1830691

Sugiharto S, Yudiarti T and Isroli I 2016 Assay of antioxidant potential of two filamentous fungi isolated from the Indonesian fermented dried cassava. Antioxidants, 5: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox5010006

Sugiharto S, Yudiarti T, Isroli I, Widiastuti E, Wahyuni H I and Sartono T A 2019 Recent advances in the incorporation of leaf meals in broiler diets. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30: 7. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd31/7/sgu_u31109.html

Sugiharto, Isroli, Widiastuti E and Prabowo N S 2011 Effect of turmeric extract on blood parameters, feed efficiency and abdominal fat content in broilers. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 36: 21-26. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.36.1.21-26

Sukmaningsih T, Hantoro A and Rahardjo D 2019 Pengaruh pemberian campuran probiotik dan herbal terhadap penampilan, karkas, dan kualitas fisik ayam broiler. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan, 6: 88-95. https://doi.org/10.35508/nukleus.v6i2.2253

Sukmaningsih T and Rahardjo A 2020 Pengaruh pemberian campuran probiotik dan herbal terhadap penampilan, karkas, dan kualitas fisik ayam broiler (The effect of probiotic and herbs mix to performance, carcass, and physical quality of broilers). Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan, 6: 88-95. https://doi.org/10.35508/nukleus.v6i2.2253

Sulistyoningsih M 2015 Pengaruh variasi herbal terhadap organ dalam broiler. Seminar Nasional Konservasi dan Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Alam, Yogyakarta. SP002-013. p. 93-97.

Sunu P and Abdurrahman Z H 2019 Pengaruh penggunaan lidah buaya (Aloe vera) dalam ransum terhadap performa dan karkas broiler pejantan. Sains Peternakan, 17: 12-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v%vi%i.24348

Supomo, Syamsul E S and Ventyrina I 2016 Pemanfaatan ekstrak herbal terhadap produktivitas dan mutu ayam pedaging sebagai upaya ketahanan pangan di Kalimantan timur berbasis peternakan ramah lingkungan. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, 2: 93-98. https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v2i1.52

Sutardi 2016 Kandungan bahan aktif tanaman pegagan dan khasiatnya untuk meningkatkan sistem imun tubuh. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian, 35: 121-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v35n3.2016.p121-130

Swastike W 2012 Efektifitas antibiotik herbal dan sintetik pada pakan ayam broiler terhadap performance, kadar lemak abdominal dan kadar kolesterol darah. Prosiding SNST ke-3 Tahun 2012 Fakultas Teknik Universitas Wahid Hasyim Semarang.

Syam M 2015 Analisis berat dan kualitas karkas ayam broiler yang diberikan jamu probiotik dan tanaman herbal melalui air minum. Jurnal Galung Tropika, 4: 74-80.

Tumbal E L S and Simanjuntak M C 2019 Pengaruh penambahan tepung daun kemangi (Acimum spp) dalam pakan terhadap performans ayam broiler. Jurnal Fapertanak, 4: 22-39.

Wahjuni R S, Sabdoningrum E K and Hidanah S 2017 Effectiveness meniran (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) as immunomodulation on lymphocyte of broiler infected with enterotoxin Escherichia coli resistant antibiotics. Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia, 5: 17-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jvi.v5i2.87

Wahyudi I, Riyanti Rr and Santosa P E 2015 Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun binahong ( Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) dalam air minum terhadap bobot hidup, bobot karkas dan giblet broiler. Jurnal Ilmiah Peternakan Terpadu, 3: 20-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jipt.v3i2.p%25p

Wahyuni A E T H, Prakasita V C, Nahak T E M, Tae A V, Ajiguna J C, Adrenalin S L, Imanjati L N and Fuaziah I 2019 Peluang imbuhan pakan herbal-probiotik komersial “Promix®” sebagai pengganti antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) pada ayam pedaging yang diberi vaksin ND. Jurnal Sain Veteriner, 37: 180-184. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsv.48614

Widodo N, Wihandoyo, Dono N D and Zuprizal 2017 Addition of feed additive binahong (Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) leaf meal into diets on growth performance of broiler chickens. The 7th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production Contribution of Livestock Production on Food Sovereignty in Tropical Countries September 12-14, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Wientarsih I, Widhyari S D and Aryanti T 2013 Kombinasi imbuhan herbal kunyit dan zink dalam pakan sebagai alternatif pengobatan kolibasilosis pada ayam pedaging. Jurnal Veteriner, 14: 327-334.

Yuliani N S and Sakan G Y I 2018 Respon titer antibodi pada ayam broiler yang divaksinasi ND dan diberi herbal rempah. PARTNER, 23: 696-704. http://dx.doi.org/10.35726/jp.v23i2.312

Yulianti D L, Leondro H and Mole Y P 2014 Penggunaan fermentasi ekstrak ramuan herbal terhadap income over feed cost (IOFC) dan nilai ekonomis pakan pada pemeliharaan ayam broiler. Agrisains, 15: 1-13.

Zulkifli, Nurliana and Sugito 2018 Efek pemberian jintan hitam (Nigella sativa) terhadap karkas ayam broiler yang dipapar stres panas. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biotik 2018, p. 626-631.

Zuprizal, Ningsih N and ZulfianT A 2020 The effect of nano-encapsulation Phaleria macrocarpa fruits extract in drinking water on the digestive tract and carcass characteristic of broiler chickens. Bulletin of Animal Science, 44: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v44i1.44958